Four Decades Ago: Learning from Mina Shaughnessy

Four key decades

main greenhouse gas is continuing to increase in the atmosphere at an alarming rate. The level of the gas at the Zeppelin research station in Svalbard peaked at more than 397 ppm, an increase of more than 2.5 ppm on 2008. Carbon dioxide levels at Svalbard tend to be higher than the global average, but scientists said the carbon dioxide level they had measured was unprecedented, even for that lo...

Cytotoxic response persists in subjects treated for tuberculosis decades ago

BACKGROUND Data exploring the potential use of effector molecules produced by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the immunodiagnostics of tuberculosis (TB) are scarce. The present study focused a) to gain an insight into the discriminatory power of CTLs in patients with acute pulmonary or extra-pulmonary TB, or latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI); and b) to evaluate the influence of various ant...

Four Decades of Scientific Explanation

The search for scientific knowledge extends far back into antiquity. At some point in that quest, at least by the time of Aristotle, philosophers recognized that a fundamental distinction should be drawn between two kinds of scientific knowledge—roughly, knowledge that and knowledge why. It is one thing to know that each planet periodically reverses the direction of its motion with respect to t...

Mortality from Head Injury over Four Decades in Scotland.

Although the causes of head injury, the population at risk, and approaches to prevention and treatment are continually evolving, there is little information about how these are reflected in patterns of mortality over time. We used population-based comprehensive data uniquely available in Scotland to investigate changes in the total numbers of deaths from 1974 to 2012, as well as the rates of he...

Four Decades of AI in Portugal